Research into music labels- Miss Georgiou

Research into music labels

The major record companies are those that have attracted the biggest music artists and who bring in the most revenue due to the amount of fans that these high profile artists have.  The larger companies can also own subsidiary record companies who may be more unique and so attract different artists.  There are many major record such as the Universal Music Group , Sony Music entertainment which are both located in America and EMI which is based in the UK.  The bands which Universal Music Group have signed to them  include huge artists such as Imagine Dragons , Jay Z, Katy Perry, Neil Diamond, Queens of the Stone Age and Will.I.am. Whilst Sony has artists such as Calvin Harris, Daft Punk , Michael Jackson , One Direction , Ozzy Osbourne , Shakira , Taylor Swift , The Script and Kings of Leon. Finally the artists that are signed to the UK company EMI are artist like The White Stripes , Snoop Dog, Gorilliaz , Blur and Robbie Williams. All of these artists are hugely popular and  have very large amounts of fans and attracts large audiences which overall make more money for the record companies.

These big conglomerate record companies own many smaller record companies which can project a different image for the artists than a large company.  For example with Universal Music Group they own many companies such as Def Jam Recordings which focuses on urban music, Interscope record which makes Hip Hop, and Capitol records which has a range of music from Katy Perry to the Red Hot Chillie Peppers. Sont Music Entertainment has subsidiaries such as RCA record , Epic records . Syco entertainment and Legacy recordings. Finally EMI has the subsidiary companies such as Enigma records, Gold Typhoon and EMI music Japan.  These big conglomerates have only the biggest music artists who have a wide audience base and can generate lost of money for these companies. Some of the big artists that these companies have are One Direction , Rihanna, 50 cent  and Coldplay and they are much bigger when compared to the independent artists.  

There are many links within these companies and different forms of media. EMI has a rock magazine which it helps publish the bands that it has signed and helps bring new bands to become signed to EMI records. Furthermore EMI sponsor festivals which promote the bands which they have signed, this will help the bands become more popular and achieve more sales for there music. Additionally Sony and Universal use their connections with the other industries that they both have to increases the popularity of their signed artists .

Independent music labels 

There are many different independent music records companies in the UK,  such as 3 Beat Records, Creation Records and Mute Records. 3 Beat records was started in 1989 in Liverpool , England from a dance music record shop by Jon Barlow , Dave Nicholl and  Phil Southall, and focused on dance music in the 90's. Creation Records was established in 1983 by Alan McGee , Dick Green and Joe Foster by getting a £1000 bank loan , they started the company to bring together projects that they had been working on and were nearly exclusively made up of Alternative Rock  and Pop. Finally  Mute records was founded in 1978 by Daniel Miller in Manchester. The label was started after Miller started recording music and getting foreign artist to perform inside the UK. They signed artist such as Depeche Mode, Erasure and Fad Gadget which are all alternative and indie rock artists , so this label specializes in the genre. These record labels cannot sign big artists so they get smaller artists and try to grow them and get artistic to try to become as big as their conglomerate signed counterparts. 

From a music point of view it is not right that only 4 conglomerates control a huge amount of artists and the music they make. They can control what music that people listen to through ways such as  TV channels and radio stations that they have connections with such as Sony entertainment  , and what is mainstream for the music industry is decided by them. This is due to people buying into whatever is the most current mainstream music at the time, this means they can decide who becomes successful and who doesn't.   This limits the creativity of artists as they could easily be persuaded what music to make and what not to, furthermore if they are not liked by these 4 companies it will make it much harder to become a successful artist. This makes the music industry limited and that people do not decide what they actually listen to. I believe that this limits the industry and that whoever is in favor with the companies gets to become the successful star. This makes the industry full of people who may not be the most musically talented but are backed by the companies, and so the potential of the industry is not at its best.

You cannot judge who is more successful between the independent and the large companies as they are too different. The large companies have huge amounts of money such as Universal entertainment who made $6.5 billion in 2013 whereas smaller companies have a very small amount of money to work with. Furthermore the independent companies make successful artists  whilst not having the connections and the bigger corporations, this would make the more successful. However the big companies do have more money put in every project so the risk is greatly increased with each project. For example the independent companies may put £100,000 into a artists album , a bigger company may put £2 million in every project. So the companies are too different to be comparable, furthermore independent companies tend to be more focused on smaller genres rather than the mainstream music which the big companies represent. However it is the case that the smaller independent companies cannot sign big artists so what they will try to do is grow them to a size where they would be at with a conglomerate company. Although this would be a much longer process than what the conglomerates can do in that they can sign a successful artist who regulary sells records. 

The independent companies bring many things that the big corporations cannot, they can make music that are niche as they can target a small audience. This makes them more likely to sell music to the audience of that genre and so they have less risk. Furthermore they can take risks as they will put less money into an artists, so they  can go for artists which may be much bigger in the future as they will lose less if the gamble does not pay off. Lastly they can make any music that they wish as they are not held back as much with having to make a huge profit and pleasing shareholders, this would make them free to pick the artists they want.  So in conclusion there are many advantages to the music industry with having independent companies and help the industry to become more varied and that they can help smaller artists become much bigger. Although conglomerates are just as important in that they make the highly succesfull artist as they have the financial backing to sell them to the audience. 

Research into chosen artist - Miss Georgiou

Research into chosen artist 

As a group we decided that we would pick the song "It feels like were only going backwards" by Tame Impala. We decided to pick this artist as we like the type of music that the artist makes and the genre of psychedelic rock is one that interests us as it is unusual compared to other genres. Furthermore as the song is very unusual our group felt that we could make a good video for the video and that it is very open to interpretation which will make it easier for us to make a video about.

Tame Impala is an Australian psychedelic rock band from Perth, who are made up of Kevin Parker, Jay Watson, Dominic Simper,Cam Avery and Julien Barbagallo. The band was started in 2007 and its first single Sundown Syndrome was released in 2009 to much critical acclaim. The bands most recent album Lonerism was released in October 2012, it won the 2012 J Award for Australian Album of the year and was nominated for  grammy for best alternative album. Furthermore in 2012 they headlined festivals such as Coachella festival and Sasquatch festival in America. The band Tame Impala are currently signed to modular records recording company which was started in 1998 and is also based in Australia the same as the band.


Half Full Glass of Wine - Tame Impala

This video does follow Goodwins theory to some extent in different ways. For example the video does follow the conventions of the genre of psychedelic rock using bold colours such as pink and green. They also have surreal editing going on constantly in the video, things such as  band members playing even though we can only see the outline of them in the scene and they are coloured in with colours such as green or blue. However we can not see them very well or the instruments so it could be seen that it is unconventional to the rock part pf the genre. There is nearly no connections between the lyrics and visuals as the visuals are nearly random and have little to no meaning with the songs lyrics. On the other hand there is a link between the music and visuals for example when the tempo of the song increases the editing of the visuals also increases in turn.

The video is mainly made up of narrative with a small amount of performance included,  but the narrative  in the video is very confusing and open to interpretation by the audience. The performance is very short and we can only see cartoon edited versions of the man singing whilst the music is playing. The target audience age for this video would be from 15 to 30 as any younger and the video would simply be too confusing for them as there are many complex parts to the video. The artists is not seen through most of the video however when we do see him we can tell he is the artist as he is central in the screen. He is presented as a mystery as we cannot actually see his face however we can see the emotions on his face of being relaxed and calm. This can make him more relatable to the audience as he seems to be normal when compared to other music stars, one pint in which we can see him is in the picture below in the form of a carton.

Mise en scene is used in different ways during this video, however there is no setting as it is nearly all based around editing and changes so frequently there is no definite location. This is a big contrast to other music videos which often use exotic locations such as mansions or beaches. This could be part of the genre in that they are trying to be conventional and different when compared to the mainstream videos,  or that he is pointing towards constantly changing in the music video. For example in the scenes below the change has happened in under a second to a completely different scene which is unrelated.

 Furthermore there is very little in the way iconography as there is only a guitar and drum sticks, so it does not contain much in the video. The camera angles used are a close up , mid shot and a long shot although with the amount of editing used it is hard to see the change between them in that the change happens in under a second and the new scene will only lats for three seconds. The lighting that is used in the video is high key which helps keep the bright colors seen and makes the editing easier to see and then suddenly goes dark. This could be seen ass a theme of the psychedelic drugs which are a key concept of the genre or simple reflecting on the change in mood of the song and the tempo. For example in the picture below we can see the colour changes over a very short amount of time going from low key to high.

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Tame Impala- Expectations

In the video Expectations Goodwins theory is use throughout the video in various ways. The video does follow the conventions of psychedelic rock in many ways. One way is the editing used which makes the screen blur into itself which makes it very confusing to watch. Another is the way that is uses flares to show the bright and bold colours, both of these things are extremely conventional to the genre and make the video fit the genre. However there are way in which they do not conform in that there are no colour tints used through editing which are synonymous with the genre. Again there is little connection between the lyrics and the visuals with the location being a forest , however there is a small amount of connection between the music and visuals which match the beat of each other in the video. 

The video is exclusively made up with performance with them playing all the way through , and having no concept or narrative within the video.  This conforms to the rock part of the genre where performance based videos are very common and have little of any other type. The artists is again represented in the video as very relaxed as he stands in a slouched way and wears casual clothing. Also his facial expression is one that makes him seem as he does not care and cannot be fazed by his situation.  This makes him seem more relatable to the audience as he shares common things with them, this may not always happen in other videos with artists wearing expensive brands. We can see the artist in the picture below playing in the forest with a distorted background. 

The target audience age would be the same again at 15 to 30 as it may not appeal to an older audience however it maybe confusing for younger audiences that cannot understand the situation. This age range could be lowered with this video as there is not much unusual editing used in this video. With this video the Mise en scene is used frequently , the location being in a forest which gets darker and darker over time. The iconography used is just the bands equipment and later in the video two flares which are used to change the visuals of the scene. The lighting changes through the video such as at the start the video has high key lighting and as the video goes on the lighting gets lower until its nearly completely black. The camera angles used are a mid shot, long shot, close up and a low angle. Throughout the video the artist is always central which focuses the audiences attention in them. 

This research will help the planning of my own video in many ways as I can see what other videos the artist has and what style they have used for them. This will be able to make my video better as we can follow the conventions of the genre closer and please the audience with the conventions from the genre. However we could also make it  unconventional which would please a larger audience which would make it more mainstream. One of the micro elements I would like to include is the constant changing editing , however this would be very hard to do and very time consuming. Other inspirations I would like to take is having a running theme throughout such as the doves as it tells a story whilst having other scenes which make it interesting for the audience. Overall this has helped me greatly in deciding if I will be conventional or unconventional to the genre and what inspiration I can take from these videos.

Target Audience results- Miss Miller

Target Audience Results 

Our group carried out research in the form of questions to people so that we could use it to improve our video and add things that they think would improve it. This research would make our video better as we could use ideas that they preferred as well as what we wanted. We used a group of 40 people as this will give us a wide range of opinions and will help make our results more accurate and will make our video better when we make it. The questions that our group put together focused on our own genre which would help us gain knowledge of what people liked and disliked about the genre of psychedelic rock. 



1) How Old are you?
2)What genres of music do you listen to most regularly?
3)Do you prefer Concept, Narrative or Performance based music videos?
4)Have you heard of Psychedelic Rock?
5)What makes a music video enjoyable?
6)What makes a music video unenjoyable?
7)Do you prefer you artist to be in the music video, Why?
8)Have you heard of Tame Impala, if so what do you think of their music/videos?
9)Have you seen any of his videos, if so what do you think?
10)do you prefer the use of CGI/special effects in music videos?

McCraken theory paragraph

Question 1 tells us the ages of the people that we asked the questionnaire to, and that the majority of the people we asked were in the 15 to 19 range with 37%. With the other category having the lowest with a tiny 5%. From this we can tell how our results are for different ages and that we have  majority of young people so it applies for our video. 

Question 2 shows us which of the genres of music is the most frequently listen and so which they generally prefer to listen to.  The biggest proportion of people went for pop at 30% with Hip Hop and rock coming in at 22% and 20%. This is encouraging for our own video as it is a sub genre of rock and as the third most listened to it had a relatively large audience. 

Question 3 is one of the most useful in our questionnaire, it shows us that a majority of people want to watch a narrative based music video with 42%,  which is very helpful with our own video as it could give us a base. However a large portion also want a performance based video, and as our genre is rock this could be a thing we use in our own video. The smallest portion of people want a concept based video which would also work with our video as we have a psychedelic genre so we could experiment. 

This question is not as encouraging however with a much larger amount of people being asked this could add up to a significant amount of people. However this could also be helpful as we are not limited to a typical genre so we can change as much as we like to make the video stand out. Furthermore the genre is very diverse in its videos so we are again not limited and so we can be very creative with it.

Question 5 is very important as it will help us to include things that people enjoy in the video, the most enjoyable thing in a music video is the actual music. This is good as we already have the song so this part is done, the second biggest being the the sexualisation of women. This would need to be planned into the lyrics of the song and see if it is viable for the video. 

This question is very useful as it shows us what we should not include in our own video. For example an unconventional video is very unpopular, however with the genre we are doing this is very often used as the songs are unconventional when compared to other genres. Our lyrics do not contain any swearing so we do not have a problem with what 30% of people do not like. Furthermore we do not have any offensive connotations, however our narrative may be unclear as our song has many hidden meanings.

This question shows us that our audience clearly do want to see the artists in the video. We will incorporate this into our video which will make the video more popular with people, however we will also put in some narrative as this helps get the meaning of the song across to the audience. So we will have both performance and narrative in our video which will please a majority of people which will make the video more popular as it is enjoyed by a wider audience. So we have a clear indication of what we need to do with our video , and how we go about doing it. 

Overall there are not that many people who really like Tame Impala, although it is a unique type of music so this can be expected. However 20% of people did like the music so this is positive in that there is a group who could like our video. Therefore over a larger amount of people this portion would be a large amount of people. Therefore we will cater our video towards these people which will make it successful as we are doing what our target audience wants. From this we will try to make our video as focused on the people who like it as possible. 

This question again has predictable results as Tame Impala are not a well known band, so 62% of the 40 people we asked have not seen any of their videos. However there are 25% of people who do like the music video which makes what they want clearer as the music video is unconventional compared to others. This makes making the video easier as now we know what they expect and want with the video. Although there are still 13% of people who have watched the video and not liked it, so although some people do like the video there is still a lot who do not. 

Lastly we have the question of whether the people liked special effects and CGI in the video and as expected it is fairly mixed.  This makes making the video harder as there is no certain answer however this may make it easier as we can see no matter what we do there will be people who are happy. This also makes it open to interpretation as we have no limits now with special effects. From this we can see that we are open to do either as we can only please so many people, and so we have creative freedom making the video. 

To help with the planning of our video we made 5 more vox pops which would give us further information which we could use. Most of the people that we asked had very little knowledge of our band Tame Impala or psychedelic  rock the genre which it belongs to. The 5 questions that we asked to the people were :

1) Do you like Tame Impala

2) Did you enjoy the music video, why?

3) What elements did you enjoy about the video?

4) What elements didn't you enjoy about the video?

5) What improvements would would you implement?

Research into chosen music genre- Miss Georgiou

Research into Chosen Music Genre 

The music genre that my group and I have chosen is Psychedelic rock and we have chosen the music video "Feels like were only going backwards" by Tame Impala to reflect this. Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music that is inspired by psychedelic culture and to try to replicate psychedelic drugs. I have chosen this music genre  as it has good artists who make interesting music to listen to and visually impressive videos which is very unconventional compared to other music genres. My inspirations for this genre are The Black Angels, Jimmy Hendrix and Tame Impala as they are some of the best artists in the genre. Our groups interest in the genre has mainly come from how unusual it is and how editing is used compared to other more mainstream genres such as pop. The two artists and their videos which i have chosen that are similar to Tame Impala are the The Black Angels with the song Doves and Animal Collectives Brothersport ,  who are both  psychedelic rock artists and both conform to the genre.



Animal Collective, Brothersport

There are many codes and conventions in this video that are connected with the psychedelic rock genre of music. One way that the video is very conventional to the genre is that the video uses surreal  images in a relatively ordinary scene. For example a man is dressed up as a goat being chased by a woman who is dressed up as a dog in a ordinary field,  which is very unusual for a music video. This is showing the extraordinary things in a relatively ordinary scene which is typical of the psychedelic rock genre. A second convention is the special effects and editing that is used throughout the video which are often seen in psychedelic rock videos. One way we can see this is the different coloured lights that fall from the sky like rain when the screen goes black. The reason they use this editing style is to give the video a free flowing style which is unrestricted from normal colours and images so that the artist can portray what they want.

Mise en scene is also used in many different ways in the psychedelic rock music video Brothersport. The costume in the video is used in very different ways depending on the person, for example one person is dressed in jeans and a white vest while another is dressed up as a goat. This could be trying to show how some people see things differently from others which can be seen in there dress. The location of the video is a farm and a house that gets painted on the inside, this could be doing something that would not be done in a typical music video as they often use glamorous locations. Throughout the video the lighting also changes frequently, starting off with high key lighting then going to low key lighting and then high key lighting again., which we can see in the pictures below.

There are many different types of camera shots used in the video of Brothersport by Animal Collective, the first used in the video is an establishing shot at the start of the video,  which then  moves to a mid shot of the people sitting by the caravan as people start to run past them. Then as the video progresses a tracking shot is used as two people run through fields which becomes the main part of the video. After they run into a building there are close up shots and middle shots which flick from one to the other, and it finishes with a close up of a child's face. There are also many different types of editing in the video, with the video being based around  fast editing at a set pace. There are also things such as a jump cut when the two people are running through the field and lots of special effects used which change the scenes dramatically. The target audience for this video has an age range between  the ages of 15 to 35. This can be seen in ways such as more adult images and the fact that a younger audience may not understand the video enough to watch it.The target age would find it enjoyable as they have other videos to compare it to which will show its uniqueness.







The Black Angels - Doves

The music video Doves by The Black Angels is also conventional of the psychedelic rock genre in many ways. One way we can see that this video is very conventional is the bold colours used throughout the video which are mainly seen in the editing of the video. These colours include red, green,orange and blue and these colours are used on things that are not normally these colours. Other things included are that the video seems to be half in black and white with many things being only seen by their outline in the video , such as the doves that fly through the scene. This is especially seen in the way that the doves are in constant contrast with the c background. For example in the picture below we can see how the doves go through the scenes unchanged with a ever different background , which is showing the doves going on a journey.

Mise en scene is used in a very different way from many other videos which would be from  different genres.One way it goes against the norm is that there is no set location and it just seems to be different scenes stringed together with no familiarity such as when the snake moves into the field and then the scene focuses in a dove.  There is no costume used in this video and it could be said that the colour changes have something to add to the video. The main forms of editing in this video are a straight cut which happens very frequently throughout the video and a slow paced editing is used. The editing however is very
complex as shots do not seem to change but just transform into each other such as the two below being side by side.

For this video I believe the target audience again to be from 15 to 35 for many reasons. The lower age range would just be able to understand the video  but any younger and it would be very confusing.During the video the band are represented as unique and quirky with a sense of fun in there videos, this can be seen through the bold colours used and the animations. There are also no extra contextual references or sexualisation of women in this video.

The research that I carried out into the genre will help me very much in the planning of the video as i now have a better understanding of the artists and there point of view. This can be seen in the way I now know the conventions which are based around the genre and I know how other artists have presented it which will help me in my own video. I will now be considering the use of lots of editing in our video as it has worked very well with conventional music videos , however we will be trying not to alienate the people who like main stream music. So I may try to decrease the amount of editing but still use it in my own video. 

Applying for Music Copyright- Miss Georgiou

Applying for Copyright 

 The UK copyright,Designs and Patent act of 1988 is the law which stops people copying material that has been made by someone who has copyrighted it. The reason an artist or record label does this is so the owner has exclusivity of the material and can take all the profits and recognition that goes with it, and they can decide who they let the material out to in which they can make royalties. Or they could also give it to another artist to change which would bring a new element to the song which may make more money for the owner. 

The reason that I had to apply for copyright is that it would be illegal if  I was to use their video without their permission. If I did not I would be in breach of their copyright.The video which I would upload to Youtube would also likely be taken down, and we could possibly be prosecuted by the owner of the song. So to get copyright permission we researched the record label that our band Tame Impala belongs to,  which is Modular People record label based in Australia. We then emailed the company asking for permission to use their bands song in a educational way which would not be used for anything other than personnel use.  3 days later we got a response from them which was encouraging and outlined the ways we could and could not use the material. The rules were outlined clearly and included things such as that the song can only be made private on Youtube and not public so only the examiners can see it.  

This will help us very much with the planning as they have been encouraging and we know the outlines of what we need to do. This will mean making the music video will be much easier as we know what to do and that we just need to start filming the video.

Analysis of a Star and Dyer's Star Theory- Miss Miller

Miley Cyrus

There are many reasons as to why artists may feel the need to reinvent themselves. One reason is that they want to change the genre of music that they play, for example if an artist wanted to change from R&B to rap they would have a very different lifestyle and image. Furthermore if the artist wanted a different target audience then they would have to change their image, such as if they wanted to appeal to a wider audience they would have to be less controversial which would be appropriate for children.  Or it could simply be that they are bored of the genre that they are in and want to re invent themselves as something else which would appeal to a new audience.

Miley Cyrus has changed dramatically from a teen pop star to a more adult promiscuous pop star in a very short amount of time. Her songs when she first started were much more fun and light hearted than when compared to her later videos which are much more sexualised. The three of Miley Cyruses songs which I have picked areThe Climb 2009,  Party in the USA  2010 and Wrecking Ball in 2013. This is because her target audience has got older , and she is just catering for that , going from the themes of friendship, to parties and then to relationships.


One of Miley Cyruss first videos after she had left Disney was " the climb" a country pop song which is very conventional to the genre. For example she is playing a guitar which is conventional of country music , however would be seen as unconventional for the pop genre. The way she is dressed is also typical of the country genre , with her wearing jeans and a blue top with converse trainers, again this would be unconventional of pop as normally they would wear a bright outfit that matched with the song. Her target audience for this song is younger teens to middle teens, and she is relying on her past audience from her Disney career which she can bring to her music. This will also be an audience who will likely buy more merchandise than many other groups from their artist.  This results in the video being very conventional and so not very controversial as it is intended for a younger audience and so would have none of the themes featured in her later videos. The age range for this song could be from the ages 13-18 as it is aimed at a relatively young audience.

Goodwings theory can be seen in many ways in this video, for example the lyrics and the visuals connect with each other. When she sings " The dream I am dreaming" the background becomes a blur like a dream and special effects are used to make the background become dream like. Or when she sings " it will be a uphill battle " she is singing on a hill, connecting both visuals and lyrics. The needs of the record company are also met in that there are many times in which there are close ups of her face to indicate to new audiences who the artist actually is. Also again she is the main thing in the shot with her being in the center and at the forefront, this also shows she is the artist.


Miley Cyruss song "Party in the USA" is very conventional when we compare it to the dance / pop genre that the song is in. For example there are many people dancing and drinking at a party and having a good time, this is very conventional for this type of video as the songs in this genre are about having a good time. This also is reflected to the audience in that it feels the same as if you were there with the artist at a party. This is a typical video of her earlier Miley Cyrus when she had a strong following from younger fans and so her videos were not very extreme and were not offensive or controversial to anyone. This is in the middle of her transition where she was becoming more edgy with more sexualised behavior. At this point her target audience is mainly middle teens to late twenties, which can be explained through the party environment. The exact age range would be from 14-24 as it has limited adult themes yet does not go deeply into party themes such as drinking or sexual behavior.

This song also follows Goodwins theory in many ways, for example lyrics linking with visuals when she sings the opening " when I hopped off the plane at L.A.X" she is at an airport  which is has a direct connection. Furthermore when she sings the chorus " party in the USA" everyone in the background is seen having a good time and dancing with friends. The demand for the record label is also met consistently, there are many close ups of Miley Cyrus face which immediately shows the audience who the artist is and that she is the most important. Furthermore this is helped as she is central in the shot nearly all of the time and sometimes standing higher than everyone else,  which shows the audience that she is again most important in the scene. However again we can see that the image of her has changed as the audience which she is targeting has got older, the people she wants to target now want to go to party's unlike the younger audience with the previous video.

Miley Cyruss later song " Wrecking ball" is very unconventional in many ways when it comes to the genre of her song which is pop. One way we can see this is that there is no dance routine which would normally feature in a pop video along with dancers. She is also not wearing an outfit and is just wearing casual clothes which is again very unconventional of the pop genre. Lastly her video is quite extreme which is not conventional for the normal pop genre, the target audience of this music genre is normally includes younger people which this video may be unsuitable for. Therefore parents may not be comfortable with their child watching the video which does normally happen with the pop genre. So Miley Cyrus may lose fans as her song is not suitable for her previous audience from her previous image. This songs target audience is middle teens to early twenties , although it may still be inappropriate for middle aged teenagers, the exact ages could be from 15 - 30 as it is simply too explicit with too much sexual behavior for any younger ages. This song has a slightly older target audience than the previous video as it has more of a party theme than the last song which had the themes of friendship and love.

Other ways in which this song follows Goodwins theory can be through the music and visuals, when Miley is riding a wrecking ball into a wall the level of sound of the song increases and the tempo gets faster. This is to make the chorus of the song have more impact and for the audience to pay more attention. Another way this can be seen is when she licked a sledge hammer the song slows down and the tempo decreases. This could also be seen for the lyrics and visuals , for example when she sing " I came in like a wrecking ball" she is riding a wrecking ball into a wall. Lastly the video does follow Goodwins theory through the way that the music video is split between performance and narrative, which is common for the pop genre. One point we can see narrative is when she is on the wrecking ball, then we can see performance when she gets off and starts to sing.

The three videos show how Miley Cyrus's image and style has changed dramatically over a relatively short period of time. In one of her first videos "the climb" she is very simple in her dress and her song is about a relationship and the song is very uncontroversial. Her target audience at this point is young teens to middle teens and so must be suitable for a relatively young audience. Her second video " Party in the USA" is aimed at an older audience and so the theme of this is  party, this is a small transition from her earlier video about relationships and feeling. There are people dancing , drinking and having fun so this is aimed at middle teens to early twenties which make the environment more acceptable for the age range. Finally "Wrecking ball" is the most controversial in many ways and is a huge transition from her very early videos. In this she is wearing revealing clothes which are very sexualised and doing things some people would see as inappropriate such as when she licks a hammer. The target audience for this is older teenagers and early twenties as it is possibly to much for a younger audience. The change between her first video has been huge as she has become a adult and sexualised artist from a Disney star, this has made it so controversial. However it could be that she has had the same fans and that as they have got older she has catered for their music tastes as they mature. Furthermore with this the image of the star has changed as they are now marketing to a different audience that they were when Miley Cyrus was younger and targeting people from her previous Disney career.

The message and values have also had a massive change from her first video, in her first video it is about relationships and feelings and being in a dream land. This could not be further from her new videos such as wrecking ball which is again about relationships but has a sexual aspect which was not there before. The video during her transition is about having a good time and partying which has very little to do with the other videos. The values have also changed with over time her values becoming less conservative and more promiscuous than her earlier videos which can be seen in ways such as her clothing which is revealing. This could be due to her wanting to get rid if her child style type of music and lifestyle and becoming more adult and care free. This also does fit in with society with promiscuous behavior becoming more socially acceptable and so more things can be done in a music video which would be unheard of ten years ago.

This research has helped me greatly in understanding how important an artists image is because of the audience they are targeting . Without the image of certain artists then a certain type of audience will not be attracted to the music of the artist, this can be seen with Miley Cyrus and when she became much more promiscuous for an older audience which attracts them. Without this they will have an audience who are confused with the artist as they will be playing music that is not appropriate for them , such as Miley Cyrus having her young audience watching her extremely provocative videos would not be acceptable. It is possible that she has kept the same people as fans but they have just got older together and she has changed herself for her age.